Abstract
Background The consumption of energy drinks (EDs) among university students has become a prevalent trend, raising concerns about potential health risks. EDs are beverages containing various ingredients, most notably caffeine, taurine, and vitamins, that are consumed by the general public and athletes to reduce exhaustion, boost energy, and improve performance. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ED consumption and evaluate the effects of ED use on cardiovascular health and behavioral patterns in a sample of students at the University of Zakho. Methods This cross-sectional study involved a sample of 438 medical students aged 18-25 at the University of Zakho. Data were collected using a closed-ended questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics, ED consumption habits, awareness of ED-related health risks, and cardiovascular measures such as blood pressure, pulse rate, presence of chest pain, and palpitation. Results The prevalence of consuming caffeine-content EDs was surprisingly high (70%, n=307) among the University of Zakho's medical students. Further categorization revealed that the prevalence was 42% (n=187) among low-frequency drinkers, 22.2% (n=95) among those who drank once a day, and 5.8% (n=25) among the frequent group. A higher percentage of ED drinkers (30%, n=92) developed tachycardia compared to students with a normal pulse (19.2%, n=59). Additionally, ED drinkers had significantly higher rates of elevated blood pressure (56.4%, n=173), palpitations (63.1%, n=194), and chest discomfort (73.2%, n=225) compared to non-drinkers (p <0.0001). Concerning behavioral characteristics, ED drinkers had a significantly higher rate of fatigability (79.3%, n=243) compared to non-drinkers (p <0.0001). They were more likely to experience somnolence (60.8%, n=187) compared to non-drinkers (p <0.05). Furthermore, the percentage of students with aggressive behavior was substantially higher (p <0.001) among ED drinkers (86.2%, n=265). Conclusion The findings collectively highlight the significant negative impact of energy drink consumption on health in general and cardiovascular and behavioral variables in particular. It also underscores the need for public health strategies and campus interventions to reduce ED consumption and raise awareness about their potential risks.