Abstract
Addition of organic compounds containing O/N heteroatoms to aqueous electrolytes such as ZnSO(4) (ZS) solutions is one of the effective strategies to inhibit Zn anode dendrites and side reactions. However, addressing the stability of Zn plating/stripping at high current densities and areal capacities by this method is still a challenge, especially in capacitors known for high power and long life. Herein, an organic heterocyclic compound of 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane (TC) containing four symmetrically distributed N atoms is employed as ZS additive, expanding the life of Zn anodes from ≈ 30 h to 1000 and 240 h at deep plating/stripping conditions of 10 and 20 mA cm(-2)/mAh cm(-2), respectively; the cumulative capacity is as high as 5.0 Ah cm(-2) with 99% Coulombic efficiency, far exceeding reported additives. TC with higher binding energies than H(2)O for Zn species tends to adsorb to Zn (002) in a lying manner and participate in the solvation shell of Zn(2+), thus avoiding Zn dendrites and side-reaction damage, especially at high current densities. The TC-endowed Zn anode's stability under such extreme conditions is verified in Zn-ion capacitors (i.e., > 94.6% capacity retention after 28 000 cycles), providing new insights into the development of high-power Zn-based energy storage devices.