Abstract
The influence of long-term exposure of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) to waste activated sludge on anaerobic digestion and microbial communities was studied. The exposure concentrations were 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mg g-1-volatile suspended solids (VSS) (dry). ZnO NPs inhibit the degradation of macromolecular organic matter and the reduction of VSS in waste activated sludge during anaerobic digestion. Only slight effects on the activities of protease, cellulase, acetated kinase, and coenzyme F420 were found at ZnO-NP concentrations of less than 30 mg g-1-VSS, whereas the activities of these three enzymes were adversely affected in a dose-dependent manner when the ZnO NP concentrations were increased from 30 mg g-1-VSS to 150 mg g-1-VSS. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that ZnO NPs had an adverse influence on the archaeal community diversity but increased the bacterial community diversity to some extent. High-throughput sequencing analysis also revealed that ZnO NPs resulted in different shift trends in the archaeal and bacteria community structure at phylum, class, and genus levels. ZnO NPs have negative impacts on the Euryarchaeota community, which plays a significant role as methanogens in the anaerobic digestion. In addition, ZnO NPs could increase the relative abundance of Clostridia and Bacteroidia, playing an important role in hydrolysis during the anaerobic digestion.