Abstract
Introduction The importance of exercise in chronic disease management among older people is paramount, especially as the global population ages and the prevalence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and arthritis increases. Regular physical activity enhances cardiovascular health, improves metabolic function, and alleviates symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders. As a form of exercise, agriculture provides physical and mental benefits for older adults. However, its impact on chronic disease management can be mixed, as the physical demands and potential stress associated with agricultural tasks can exacerbate certain health conditions. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted in Unnan City, a rural area in Japan, focusing on residents aged 40 and older who regularly visited Unnan City Hospital. Data were collected from 647 participants between September 1, 2023, and November 31, 2023, through questionnaires and electronic medical records. The primary outcome was the management of chronic diseases, assessed through hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity control. Participants reported their frequency of agricultural activities, exercise, eating habits, and sleep. Statistical analyses included t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and multivariate logistic regression models. Results Participants engaging frequently in agricultural activities were younger, had better hypertension control, and reported healthier eating habits and sleep patterns. Frequent agricultural activities were associated with a lower likelihood of hypertension (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.39-0.97, p = 0.034). Older age (≥75 years), higher BMI (≥25), and a Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score of ≥5 were significantly associated with hypertension. No significant associations were found between hypertension and other health-related variables such as healthy eating, adequate sleep, and regular exercise. Conclusion The study highlights the potential benefits of agricultural activities in managing chronic diseases, particularly hypertension, among older adults. However, the physical demands and possible social isolation associated with agricultural tasks require a nuanced approach to promoting these activities. Tailored, community-based agricultural programs that foster social interaction and support can enhance physical and mental health benefits. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to confirm these findings and explore the long-term health outcomes of agricultural activities in diverse contexts.