Abstract
This study aimed to develop and validate prediction models to estimate the risk of death and intensive care unit admission in COVID-19 inpatients. All RT-PCR-confirmed adult COVID-19 inpatients admitted to Fujian Provincial Hospital from October 2022 to April 2023 were considered. Elastic Net Regression was used to derive the risk prediction models. Potential risk factors were considered, which included demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, comorbidities, laboratory results, treatment process, prognosis. A total of 1906 inpatients were included finally by inclusion/exclusion criteria and were divided into derivation and test cohorts in a ratio of 8:2, where 1526 (80%) samples were used to develop prediction models under a repeated cross-validation framework and the remaining 380 (20%) samples were used for performance evaluation. Overall performance, discrimination and calibration were evaluated in the validation set and test cohort and quantified by accuracy, scaled Brier score (SbrS), the area under the ROC curve (AUROC), and Spiegelhalter-Z statistics. The models performed well, with high levels of discrimination (AUROC(ICU) [95%CI]: 0.858 [0.803,0.899]; AUROC(death) [95%CI]: 0.906 [0.850,0.948]); and good calibrations (Spiegelhalter-Z(ICU): - 0.821 (p-value: 0.412); Spiegelhalter-Z(death): 0.173) in the test set. We developed and validated prediction models to help clinicians identify high risk patients for death and ICU admission after COVID-19 infection.