Abstract
Family structures are diverse, with single-parent families being special. Single-parent families have garnered interest regarding their impact on their children's development in relation to gender roles and social adaptation. This study investigated 532 children from single-parent families (mean age = 14.81, SD = 1.62) and their parents. We collected data on the parental child-rearing gender role attitudes (PCGAs) of grandparents and parents, as well as the gender role and social adaptation of the children. The results revealed four intergenerational trends in PCGAs: progression between generations, undesirability in both generations, desirability in both generations, and retrogression between generations. An ANOVA showed that families with intergenerational desirability tended to have children with the highest gender role and social adaptation scores among the four intergenerational trends, while families with intergenerational undesirability had the lowest. A relative mediation analysis showed that compared to intergenerational undesirable PCGAs, intergenerational progress and intergenerational desirable PCGAs are beneficial for children's gender traits, and their social adaptation development is also better. The results confirm the positive effect of children's gender roles on their social adaptation, which suggests that parents should pay attention to children's gender role education, transform their PCGAs, and create a nurturing environment for children's gender role development.