Abstract
The intrinsic inductive properties of atoms or functional groups depend on the chemical properties of either electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) or electron-donating groups (EDGs). This study aimed to evaluate in silico methods to determine whether changes in chemical properties of the compound by single atomic substitution affect the biological activity of target proteins and whether the results depend on the properties of the functional groups. We found an imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-based PAK4 inhibitor, compound 1, as an initial hit compound with the well-defined binding mode for PAK4. In this study, we used both experimental and in silico methods to investigate the effect of atomic substitution on biological activity to optimize the initial hit compound. In biological assays, in the case of EWG, as the size of the halogen atom became smaller and the electronegativity increased, the biological activity IC(50) value ranged from 5150 nM to inactive; in the case of EDG, biological activity was inactive. Furthermore, we analyzed the interactions of PAK4 with compounds, focusing on the hinge region residues, L398 and E399, and gatekeeper residues, M395 and K350, of the PAK4 protein using molecular docking studies and fragment molecular orbital (FMO) methods to determine the differences between the effect of EWG and EDG on the activity of target proteins. These results of the docking score and binding energy did not explain the differences in biological activity. However, the pair-interaction energy obtained from the results of the FMO method indicated that there was a difference in the interaction energy between the EWG and EDG in the hinge region residues, L398 and E399, as well as in M395 and K350. The two groups with different properties exhibited opposite electrostatic energy and charge transfer energy between L398 and E399. Additionally, we investigated the electron distribution of the parts interacting with the hinge region by visualizing the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface of the compounds. In conclusion, we described the properties of functional groups that affect biological activity using an in silico method, FMO.