Abstract
Oligomerization endows proteins with some key properties such as extra-stabilization, long-range allosteric regulation(s), and partnerships not accessible to their monomeric counterparts. How oligomerization is achieved and preserved during evolution is a subject of remarkable scientific relevance. By exploiting the abilities of the machine-learning algorithms implemented in AlphaFold (AF) in predicting protein structures, herein, we report a comprehensive analysis of the structural states of functional oligomers of all members of the KCTD protein family. Interestingly, our approach led to the identification of reliable three-dimensional models for the pentameric states of KCNRG, KCTD6, KCTD4, KCTD7, KCTD9, and KCTD14 and possibly for KCTD11 and KCTD21 that are involved in key biological processes and that were previously uncharacterized from a structural point of view. Although for most of these proteins, the CTD domains lack any sequence similarity, they share some important structural features, such as a propeller-like structure with a central cavity delimited by five exposed and regular β-strands. Moreover, the structure of the related proteins KCTD7 and KCTD14, although pentameric, appears to be characterized by a different organization of the CTD region, with the five chains forming a circle-like structure with a large cavity. Our predictions also suggest that other members of the family, such as KCTD10, KCTD13, and TNFAIP1, present a strong propensity to assume dimeric states. Although the structures of the functional oligomers reported herein represent models that require additional validations, they provide a consistent and global view of KCTD protein oligomerization.