Abstract
Glutamate transporters in the brain remove the neurotransmitter from the synapse by cotransport with three sodium ions into the surrounding cells. Recent structural work on an archaeal homolog suggests that, during substrate translocation, the transport domain, including the peripheral transmembrane helix 3 (TM3), moves relative to the trimerization domain in an elevator-like process. Moreover, two TM3 residues have been proposed to form part of a transient Na3' site, and another, Tyr-124, appears close to both Na3' and Na1. To obtain independent evidence for the role of TM3 in glutamate transport, each of its 31 amino acid residues from the glial GLT-1 transporter was individually mutated to cysteine. Except for six mutants, substantial transport activity was detected. Aqueous accessibility of the introduced cysteines was probed with membrane-permeant and membrane-impermeant sulfhydryl reagents under a variety of conditions. Transport of six single cysteine mutants, all located on the intracellular side of TM3, was affected by membrane-permeant sulfhydryl reagents. However, only at two positions could ligands modulate the reactivity. A120C reactivity was diminished under conditions expected to favor the outward-facing conformation of the transporter. Sulfhydryl modification of Y124C by 2-aminoethyl methanethiosulfonate, but not by N-ethylmaleimide, was fully protected in the presence of sodium. Our data are consistent with the idea that TM3 moves during transport. Moreover, computational modeling indicated that electrostatic repulsion between the positive charge introduced at position 124 and the sodium ions bound at Na3' and Na1 underlies the protection by sodium.