Abstract
Introduction: This study investigates the relationship between occupational exposure to airborne phenol and its biological accumulation in chemical plant workers, with a particular focus on urinary phenol levels. It also explores the influence of job roles, employment duration, protective equipment use, and personal lifestyle habits on internal exposure. Methods: A cohort of bisphenol A (BPA) manufacturing workers was classified based on job tasks and exposure characteristics. Airborne phenol concentrations were measured using standard occupational hygiene methods, and urinary phenol levels were analyzed before and after work shifts. Statistical analyses examined associations between phenol exposure and occupational and behavioral variables. Results: Urinary phenol levels significantly increased after work shifts, particularly among workers involved in cleaning tasks. A strong correlation was observed between airborne phenol concentrations and urinary levels, indicating that even low-level environmental exposure can result in measurable biological accumulation. Notably, workers who did not use personal protective equipment or who reported smoking showed higher internal phenol burdens. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of integrating biological monitoring with conventional exposure assessments in phenol-handling workplaces. Effective exposure control should include improved ventilation, strict compliance with personal protective equipment use, and health education programs that address modifiable lifestyle factors such as smoking. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive strategies to reduce occupational health risks associated with phenol exposure.