Abstract
Bismuth vanadate (BiVO(4)) has long been considered a promising photoanode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Despite its potential, significant challenges such as slow surface water evolution reaction (OER) kinetics, poor carrier mobility, and rapid charge recombination limit its application. To address these issues, a triadic photoanode has been fabricated by sequentially depositing CdS nanoparticles and NiFe-layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) nanosheets onto BiVO(4), creating a NiFe-LDH/CdS/BiVO(4) composite. This newly engineered photoanode demonstrates a photocurrent density of 3.1 mA cm(-2) at 1.23 V vs. RHE in 0.1 M KOH under AM 1.5 G illumination, outperforming the singular BiVO(4) photoanode by a factor of 5.8 and the binary CdS/BiVO(4) and NiFe-LDH/BiVO(4) photoanodes by factors of 4.9 and 4.3, respectively. Furthermore, it exhibits significantly higher applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE) and incident photon-to-current efficiency (ICPE) compared to pristine BiVO(4) and its binary counterparts. This enhancement in PEC performance is ascribed to the formation of a CdS/BiVO(4) heterojunction and the presence of a NiFe-LDH OER co-catalyst, which synergistically facilitate charge separation and transfer efficiencies. The findings suggest that dual modification of BiVO(4) with CdS and NiFe-LDH is a promising approach to enhance the efficiency of photoanodes for PEC water splitting.