Abstract
Tropical cyclones become increasingly nonlinear and dynamically unstable in high-resolution models. The initial conditions are typically sub-optimal, leaving scope to improve the accuracy of forecasts with improved data assimilation. Simultaneously, the lack of real ground-based GNSS observations over the ocean poses significant challenges when evaluating the assimilation results in oceanic regions. In this study, an Observation System Simulation Experiment is carried out based on a tropical cyclone case. Assimilation experiments using the WRF-PDAF framework are conducted. Conventional and GNSS observation operators are implemented. A diverse array of synthetic observations, encompassing temperature (T), wind components (U and V), precipitable water (PW), and zenith total delay (ZTD), are assimilated utilizing the Local Error-Subspace Transform Kalman filter (LESTKF). The findings highlight the improvement in forecast accuracy achieved through the assimilation process over the ocean. Multiple observation types further improve the forecast accuracy. The study underscores the crucial role of GNSS data assimilation techniques. The assimilation of GNSS data presents potential for advancing weather forecasting capabilities. Thus, the construction of ground-based GNSS observation stations over the ocean is promising.