Abstract
CONTEXT: Professionalism has been discussed and defined in a variety of ways, including attire and other forms of self-expression. OBJECTIVES: To determine athletic trainer (AT), physical therapist (PT), and athletic training or PT students' perceptions of appearance-based professionalism in the workplace and, secondly, to ascertain how perceptions differed across professions. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Web-based survey. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Athletic trainers, PTs, and athletic training and PT students who were predominantly White, non-Hispanic, female, aged 30 ± 9 years, and recruited via listservs and social media. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The independent variables were participant demographics. The dependent variables were self-reported perceptions of professionalism for each photo. The survey consisted of 3 sections: demographics, 8 photos of ATs or PTs with depictions of patient-provider interactions, and open-ended responses. For each photo, participants selected yes, no, or unsure regarding the photo. An open-ended response was prompted with a no or unsure selection. The participant further described the reason for that choice. RESULTS: Most participants determined the health care provider depicted in 7 photos appeared professional. Only 1 photo was deemed unprofessional by the professional majority. Significant differences existed between students and professionals for 5 photos. The proportion of participants who reported the photos were unprofessional differed among professions for 2 photos. From our qualitative analysis, we found 6 domains: (1) unprofessional attire and hair, (2) situation-dependent attire, (3) role confusion and health care employer or employee identification, (4) nonappearance related, (5) tattoo-related bias, and (6) rethinking after question is displayed. CONCLUSION: What is considered appropriate and professional is not concrete. Differing concepts of professionalism generated biased judgments and criticisms. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our findings should lead providers to reexamine the definition of professionalism. The past should not dictate the future, and today's social mores can help shape the definition as it should be considered in today's settings.