Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anterior column realignment is an attractive minimally invasive treatment for sagittal imbalance. Expandable spacers offer controlled tensioning of the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) during release, which could optimize correction and anterior column stability. This study investigated the biomechanical and radiographic effects of single-level anterior-to-psoas lumbar interbody fusion (ATP-LIF) with expandable spacers and sequential ALL release. METHODS: In vitro range of motion tests were performed on 7 fresh-frozen cadaveric spines (L2-L5) with a ±7.5 Nm load applied in flexion-extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR). After testing intact spines, single-level (L3-L4) ATP-LIFs were performed and supplemented with posterior screws, rods, and integrated lateral screws and tested after (1) no ALL release (ATP-LIF); (2) resection of 1/3 the ALL's width (1/3 ALL release); (3) resection of 2/3 the ALL's width (2/3 ALL release); and (4) complete ALL resection (3/3 ALL release). Following each partial ALL release, rods were removed, and spacers were expanded until the torque limit was reached. Rods were then reapplied, and lateral radiographs were taken to analyze changes in intervertebral angle (IVA), foraminal height, foraminal area, and posterior and anterior disc height (PDH and ADH). RESULTS: In ATP-LIF constructs, range of motion decreased in FE (18% intact), LB (14% intact), and AR (30% intact), while IVA, PDH, ADH, foraminal height, and foraminal area increased. PDH and ADH increased linearly with sequential ALL release and spacer expansion, while LB and AR remained stable. FE increased slightly (+15%-16% intact, <1°) following 2/3 ALL release but remained stable afterward. IVA increased exponentially with sequential ALL release, gaining 8.8° ± 3.2° with complete release. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found improved biomechanics and radiographic parameters following ATP-LIF with intact ALL, minimal biomechanical differences between partial and complete ALL release, and greater correction and height restoration with complete release. Future clinical testing is necessary to determine the impact of this finding on patient outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Controlled tensioning of the ALL before and after ligament release allows for potential optimization between restoring sagittal balance and maximizing construct stability in a minimally invasive approach.