Abstract
Dragonfly nymphs breathe water using tidal ventilation, a highly unusual strategy in water-breathing animals owing to the high viscosity, density and low oxygen (O(2)) concentration of water. This study examines how well these insects extract O(2) from the surrounding water during progressive hypoxia. Nymphs were attached to a custom-designed respiro-spirometer to simultaneously measure tidal volume, ventilation frequency and metabolic rate. Oxygen extraction efficiencies (OEE) were calculated across four partial pressure of oxygen (pO(2)) treatments, from normoxia to severe hypoxia. While there was no significant change in tidal volume, ventilation frequency increased significantly from 9.4 ± 1.2 breaths per minute (BPM) at 21.3 kPa to 35.6 ± 2.9 BPM at 5.3 kPa. Metabolic rate increased significantly from 1.4 ± 0.3 µl O(2) min(-1) at 21.3 kPa to 2.1 ± 0.4 µl O(2) min(-1) at 16.0 kPa, but then returned to normoxic levels as O(2) levels declined further. OEE of nymphs was 40.1 ± 6.1% at 21.3 kPa, and did not change significantly during hypoxia. Comparison to literature shows that nymphs maintain their OEE during hypoxia unlike other aquatic tidal-breathers and some unidirectional breathers. This result, and numerical models simulating experimental conditions, indicate that nymphs maintain these extraction efficiencies by increasing gill conductance and/or lowering internal pO(2) to maintain a sufficient diffusion gradient across their respiratory surface.