Abstract
Transition metal oxides ion diffusion channels have been developed for ammonium-ion batteries (AIBs). However, the influence of microstructural features of diffusion channels on the storage and diffusion behavior of NH(4)(+) is not fully unveiled. In this study, by using MnCo(2)O(4) spinel as a model electrode, the asymmetric ion diffusion channels of MnCo(2)O(4) have been regulated through bond length optimization strategy and investigate the effect of channel size on the diffusion process of NH(4)(+). In addition, the reducing channel size significantly decreases NH(4)(+) adsorption energy, thereby accelerating hydrogen bond formation/fracture kinetics and NH(4)(+) reversible diffusion within 3D asymmetric channels. The optimized MnCo(2)O(4) with oxygen vacancies/carbon nanotubes composite exhibits impressive specific capacity (219.2 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 A g(-1)) and long-cycle stability. The full cell with 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide anode demonstrates a remarkable energy density of 52.3 Wh kg(-1) and maintains 91.9% capacity after 500 cycles. This finding provides a unique approach for the development of cathode materials in AIBs.