Background
Atrophic non-union fractures show no radiological evidence of callus formation within 3 months of fracture. microRNA dysregulation may underlie the dysfunctional osteogenesis in atrophic non-union fractures. Here, we aimed to analyze miR-1323 expression in human atrophic non-union fractures and examine miR-1323's underlying mechanism of action in human mesenchymal stromal cells.
Conclusions
This evidence supports the miR-1323/BMP4 and miR-1323/SMAD4 axes as novel therapeutic targets for atrophic non-union fractures.
Methods
Human atrophic non-union and standard healing fracture specimens were examined using H&E and Alcian Blue staining, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, and ALP activity assays. The effects of miR-1323 mimics or inhibition on BMP4, SMAD4, osteogenesis-related proteins, ALP activity, and bone mineralization were analyzed in human mesenchymal stromal cells. Luciferase reporter assays were utilized to assay miR-1323's binding to the 3'UTRs of BMP4 and SMAD4. The effects of miR-1323, BMP4, and SMAD4 were analyzed by siRNA and overexpression vectors. A rat femur fracture model was established to analyze the in vivo effects of antagomiR-1323 treatment.
Results
miR-1323 was upregulated in human atrophic non-union fractures. Atrophic non-union was associated with downregulation of BMP4 and SMAD4 as well as the osteogenic markers ALP, collagen I, and RUNX2. In vitro, miR-1323 suppressed BMP4 and SMAD4 expression by binding to the 3'UTRs of BMP4 and SMAD4. Moreover, miR-1323's inhibition of BMP4 and SMAD4 inhibited mesenchymal stromal cell osteogenic differentiation via modulating the nuclear translocation of the transcriptional co-activator TAZ. In vivo, antagomiR-1323 therapy facilitated the healing of fractures in a rat model of femoral fracture. Conclusions: This evidence supports the miR-1323/BMP4 and miR-1323/SMAD4 axes as novel therapeutic targets for atrophic non-union fractures.