Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. The mammary gland is composed of various types of cells including luminal cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes, and specific microbiota. The reciprocal interaction between these multiple types of cells can dictate the initiation and progression of cancer, as well as metastasis and response to therapy. In the present report, we have shown that Escherichia coli-conditioned media (E-CM) can directly activate human mammary luminal epithelial cells (HMLEs), by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process associated with increased proliferation and invasion capacities, as well as stemness features. Additionally, it has been shown that E-CM has an indirect pro-carcinogenic effect, mediated by the activation of normal breast fibroblasts (NBFs). Indeed, E-CM upregulated various markers of active fibroblasts (FAP-α, GPR77, and CD10), and enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion capacities of NBFs. Furthermore, E-CM induced an inflammatory response in NBFs by activating the pro-inflammatory NF-kB transcription factor and several of its downstream target cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. This E-CM-dependent activation of NBFs was confirmed by showing their paracrine pro-carcinogenic effects through inducing EMT and stemness features in normal breast epithelial cells. Interestingly, similar effects were obtained by recombinant human IL-1β. These results provide the first indication that E. coli can initiate breast carcinogenesis through the activation of breast stromal fibroblasts and their paracrine pro-carcinogenic effects.