Abstract
Flat hydrodynamic shells likely represent an evolutionary trade-off between adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle and the instability of more rounded shells, thought beneficial for self-righting. Trade-offs often result in compromises, this is particularly true when freshwater turtles, with flatter shells, must self-right to avoid the negative effects of inverting. These turtles, theoretically, invest more biomechanical effort to achieve successful and timely self-righting when compared to turtles with rounded carapaces. This increase in effort places these hatchlings in a precarious position; prone to inversion and predation and with shells seemingly maladapted to the act of self-righting. Here, we examine hatchling self-righting performance in three morphologically distinct freshwater turtle species (Apalone spinifera, Chelydra serpentina and Trachemys scripta scripta) that inhabit similar environmental niches. We demonstrate that these hatchlings were capable of rapid self-righting and used considerably less biomechanical effort relative to adult turtles. Despite differences in shell morphology the energetic efficiency of self-righting remained remarkably low and uniform between the three species. Our results confound theoretical predictions of self-righting ability based on shell shape metrics and indicate that other morphological characteristics like neck or tail morphology and shell material properties must be considered to better understand the biomechanical nuances of Testudine self-righting.