Abstract
Luronium natans (L.) Raf. is a European endemic species and is becoming increasingly rare and endangered in most countries. This study aimed to compare the community structure and environmental conditions of shallow and deep-water habitats of Luronium, and related anthropogenic influences. A total of 21 Luronium lake habitats were surveyed at Pomerania Lakeland (NW Poland). Luronium occurs mainly with other isoetids, as well as bryophytes, specifically Sphagnum denticulatum. It can also be found in oligotrophic lakes at a depth of 1.0 ± 0.6 m and in water with a large pH range (4.52 - 8.76), as well having a low conductivity (38.3 ± 20.9 µS cm(-1); 19.0 - 106.1) and calcium concentration (3.9 ± 2.4 mg dm(-3); 1.6 - 11,7).The largest Luronium cover occurs at a depth of 1.5 m (44.8 ± 35.3%), but occasionally as deep as 3.5 m. In the depth gradient, the structure of underwater vegetation and environmental conditions exhibit obvious changes, which presents a clear distinction between shallow and deep-water habitats of Luronium. The differences mainly pertain to the abundances of Isoëtes lacustris and Elodea canadensis in the community, as well as environmental factors, such as water calcium, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, PAR, conductivity, and water color.Compared to other isoetids, Luronium usually occurs in habitats with intermediate features, which are characterized by values between the typical, but deep-water, Isoëtes and shallow water Lobelia and Littorella. However, Luronium clearly prefers waters with higher temperatures (23.8 ± 2.7 °C), which are thus less oxygenated (96.6 ± 20.0%). In terms of pH, conductivity, and calcium concentration, Luronium occurs in waters having slightly lower values compared to other isoetids. Therefore, Luronium is a species that significantly expands the diversity of habitat number 3110 in the Natura 2000 network. Therefore, it can be considered as an indicator species of lobelia lakes.An increased anthropogenic pressure primarily results in an increased water conductivity and a decreased water transparency. Consequently, Luronium increasingly inhabits shallower waters that are more oxygenated. Moreover, Luronium abundance is decreasing, while the abundances of species comprising underwater communities are also decreasing, e.g., S. denticulatum and I. lacustris, with a concurrent increase in Myriophyllum alterniflorum and E. canadensis cover.