Abstract
BACKGROUND: Fresh produce such as leafy green salads have recently become recognized as a potential source of food-borne infection by enteric pathogens This study investigated whether compounds released from damaged salad leaves were recognized by Listeria monocytogenes strain EGD and if they impacted its growth and virulence. METHODS: The effects of extracts of salad leaves or salad bag fluids were tested on the growth, biofilm formation, and colonization of salad leaves and host cell virulence. RESULTS: The presence of salad extract at a concentration of less than 0.5% v/v and salad bag fluids at a concentration of 10% v/v enhanced the growth in water and serum-based medium by more than 10,000 times over un-supplemented control cultures. Light and scanning electron microscopy, as well as eukaryotic Caco-2 and Galleria mellonella models of infection, showed that leafy green extracts from rocket, lettuce, spinach, and their salad bag fluids significantly increased the ability of Listeria to establish biofilms and infect host cells. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation showed that salad leaf extracts can markedly enhance bacterial virulence, which has implications for bagged salad leaf consumer safety if the leaves become contaminated with pathogenic bacteria such as Listeria.