Abstract
Reconfiguration of chemical sensors, intended as the capacity of the sensor to adapt to novel operational scenarios, e.g., new target analytes, is potentially game changing and would enable rapid and cost-effective reaction to dynamic changes occurring at healthcare, environmental, and industrial levels. Yet, it is still a challenge, and rare examples of sensor reconfiguration have been reported to date. Here, we report on a reconfigurable label-free optical sensor leveraging the versatile immobilization of metal ions through a chelating agent on a nanostructured porous silica (PSiO(2)) optical transducer for the detection of different biomolecules. First, we show the reversible grafting of different metal ions on the PSiO(2) surface, namely, Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), and Fe(3+), which can mediate the interaction with different biomolecules and be switched under mild conditions. Then, we demonstrate reconfiguration of the sensor at two levels: 1) switching of the metal ions on the PSiO(2) surface from Cu(2+) to Zn(2+) and testing the ability of Cu(2+)-functionalized and Zn(2+)-reconfigured devices for the sensing of the dipeptide carnosine (CAR), leveraging the well-known chelating ability of CAR toward divalent metal ions; and 2) reconfiguration of the Cu(2+)-functionalized PSiO(2) sensor for a different target analyte, namely, the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP), switching Cu(2+) with Fe(3+) ions to exploit the interaction with ATP through phosphate groups. The Cu(2+)-functionalized and Zn(2+)-reconfigured sensors show effective sensing performance in CAR detection, also evaluated in tissue samples from murine brain, and so does the Fe(3+)-reconfigured sensor toward ATP, thus demonstrating effective reconfiguration of the sensor with the proposed surface chemistry.