Abstract
This review explores the influence of stigma on infectious diseases like tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections and its implications for public health efforts. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed articles provided data on stigma concepts, contributing factors, cultural and social contexts, and health outcomes. Using tools like the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and CASP checklists, we assessed study quality and calculated odds ratios (ORs), confidence intervals (CIs), and P values to measure stigma's impact. Among 35 included studies, findings reveal stigma in Saudi Arabia is deeply entrenched in cultural and social frameworks, contributing to delayed diagnosis (ORs 1.5-3.0, CIs 1.2-4.0, P < 0.01), reduced healthcare utilization, and poor outcomes. Key factors include misinformation, cultural beliefs, and fear of social rejection. Effective interventions such as public education, community engagement, and policy reforms are crucial. Addressing stigma through culturally sensitive public health strategies and policy advocacy is vital for improving disease prevention and control.