Background
Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is usually caused by anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) autoantibodies. There are different therapeutic options according to baseline risk. Novel biomarkers are needed to optimize risk stratification and predict and monitor the response to therapy, as proteinuria responses may be delayed. We hypothesized that plasma or urinary cytokines may provide insights into the course and response to therapy in PMN.
Conclusion
PMN displayed characteristic plasma and urine cytokine patterns that evolved over time as patients responded to therapy. Baseline urinary CXCL13 concentration could be a prognostic marker of response to TAC-RTX.
Methods
Overall, 192 data points from 34 participants in the STARMEN trial (NCT01955187), randomized to tacrolimus-rituximab (TAC-RTX) or corticosteroids-cyclophosphamide (GC-CYC), were analysed for plasma and urine cytokines using a highly sensitive chemiluminescence immunoassay providing a high-throughput multiplex analysis.
Results
Baseline (pretreatment) urinary C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) predicted the therapeutic response to TAC-RTX. Cytokine levels evolved over the course of therapy. The levels of nine plasma and six urinary cytokines correlated with analytical parameters of kidney damage and disease activity, such as proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate and circulating anti-PLA2R levels. The correlation with these parameters was most consistent for plasma and urinary growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), plasma tumour necrosis factor α and urinary TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis. Decreasing plasma GDF15 levels were associated with response to GC-CYC. Four clusters of cytokines were associated with different stages of response to therapy in the full cohort, with the less inflammatory cluster associated with remission.