Abstract
Astaxanthin (ATX), which is the most abundant flavonoid in propolis, has previously shown neuroprotective properties against cerebral ischaemia-induced apoptosis. However, the mechanisms by which ATX mediates its therapeutic effects are unclear. At present, we explored the underlying mechanisms involved in the protective effects of ATX via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. The PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 and GSK3β inhibitor LiCl were employed in this study. Pre-treatment with ATX for 24 hours significantly decreased the oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced viability loss, reduced the proportion of apoptosis and regulated OGD-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, ATX suppressed OGD-caused mitochondrial membrane potential and decomposition of caspase-3 to cleaved caspase-3, and heightened the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bax ratio. PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/Nrf2 signalling pathway activation in SH-SY5Y cells was verified by Western blot. ATX and LiCl treatment raised the protein levels of p-Akt, p-GSK3β, nucleus Nrf2 and haeme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). However, these protein expression levels decreased by treatment of LY294002. The above in vitro data indicate that ATX can confer neuroprotection against OGD-induced apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/Nrf2 signalling pathway.