Abstract
Endotoxins are high-molecular-weight complexes that contain lipopolysaccharide, protein, and phospholipid originating from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. As gram-negative bacteria are naturally present in a variety of sources, endotoxins are commonly identified as contaminants in manufacturing environments. In industrial applications, endotoxin often is considered difficult to inactivate and to have a strong affinity with surfaces resulting from its hydrophobic chemical structure. This article describes the investigation of the true affinity of endotoxin, from various microbial sources in solution, for medical device material surfaces. In addition, endotoxin reduction was investigated with commonly used sterilization methods such as those based on ionizing radiation, dry and moist heat, and ethylene oxide sterilization. Endotoxin activity was found to be reduced following exposure to a range of sterilization modalities with the degree of activity reduction related to the source of endotoxin and the substrate material upon which it was present.