Abstract
Octocorals are the most prolific source of terpenoids in the marine environment, with more than 4000 different compounds known from the phylum to date. However, the biochemical and genetic origin of their production remained elusive until recent studies showed that octocorals encode genes responsible for the biosynthesis of terpenoids in their own chromosomal DNA rather than from microbial symbionts as originally proposed. The identified coral genes include those encoding a new group of class I terpene cyclases (TCs) clustered among other candidate classes of tailoring enzymes. Phylogenetic analyses established octocoral TCs as a monophyletic clade, distinct from TCs of plants, bacteria, and other organisms. The newly discovered group of TCs appears to be ubiquitous in octocorals and is evolutionarily ancient. Given the recent discovery of octocoral terpenoid biochemistry and only limited genomic data presently available, there is substantial potential for discovering new biosynthetic pathways from octocorals for terpene production. The following chapter outlines practical experimental procedures for octocoral DNA and RNA extraction, genome and transcriptome assembly and mining, TC cloning and gene expression, protein purification, and in vitro analyses.