Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the main options for the treatment of a variety of malignant tumors. However, the severe side effects resulting from the killing of normal proliferating cells limit the application of cancer-targeting chemotherapeutic drugs. To improve the efficacy of classic systemic chemotherapy, the local delivery of high-dose chemotherapeutic drugs was developed as a method to enhance local drug concentrations and minimize systemic toxicity. Studies have demonstrated that chemotherapy is often accompanied by cancer-associated immunogenic cell death (ICD) and that autophagy is involved in the induction of ICD. To improve the efficacy of local cancer chemotherapy, we hypothesized that the local delivery of chemotherapeutic plus autophagy-enhancing agents would enhance the promotive effects of ICD on the antitumor immune response. Here, we report that a low-dose chemotherapy/autophagy enhancing regimen (CAER) not only resulted in the increased death of B16F10 and 4T1 tumor cells, but also induced higher levels of autophagy in vitro. Importantly, the local delivery of the CARE drugs significantly inhibited tumor growth in B16F10 and 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Systemic antitumor T-cell immunity was observed in vivo, including neoantigen-specific T-cell responses. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis of human breast cancer and melanoma tissues showed that autophagy-associated gene expression was upregulated in tumor samples. Increased autophagy and immune cell infiltration in tumor tissues were positively correlated with good prognosis of tumor patients. This work highlights a new approach to improve the effects of local chemotherapy and enhance systemic antitumor immunity.
Keywords:
ICD; autophagy; immunotherapy; local chemotherapy; neoantigens.