Abstract
High-grade mucinous colorectal cancer (HGM CRC) is particularly aggressive, prone to metastasis and treatment resistance, frequently accompanied by "signet ring" cancer cells. A sizeable fraction of HGM CRCs (20-40%) arises in the context of the Lynch Syndrome, an autosomal hereditary syndrome that predisposes to microsatellite instable (MSI) CRC. Development of patient-derived preclinical models for this challenging subtype of colorectal cancer represents an unmet need in oncology. We describe here successful propagation of preclinical models from a case of early-onset, MSI-positive metastatic colorectal cancer in a male Lynch syndrome patient, refractory to standard care (FOLFOX6, FOLFIRI-Panitumumab) and, surprisingly, also to immunotherapy. Surgical material from a debulking operation was implanted in NOD/SCID mice, successfully yielding one patient-derived xenograft (PDX). PDX explants were subsequently used to generate 2D and 3D cell cultures. Histologically, all models resembled the tumor of origin, displaying a high-grade mucinous phenotype with signet ring cells. For preclinical exploration of alternative treatments, in light of recent findings, we considered inhibition of the proteasome by bortezomib and of the related NEDD8 pathway by pevonedistat. Indeed, sensitivity to bortezomib was observed in mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung, and we previously found that HGM CRC is preferentially sensitive to pevonedistat in models with low or absent expression of cadherin 17 (CDH17), a differentiation marker. We therefore performed IHC on the tumor and models, and observed no CDH17 expression, suggesting sensitivity to pevonedistat. Both bortezomib and pevonedistat showed strong activity on 2D cells at 72 hours and on 3D organoids at 7 days, thus providing valid options for in vivo testing. Accordingly, three PDX cohorts were treated for four weeks, respectively with vehicle, bortezomib and pevonedistat. Both drugs significantly reduced tumor growth, as compared to the vehicle group. Interestingly, while bortezomib was more effective in vitro, pevonedistat was more effective in vivo. Drug efficacy was further substantiated by a reduction of cellularity and of Ki67-positive cells in the treated tumors. These results highlight proteasome and NEDD8 inhibition as potentially effective therapeutic approaches against Lynch syndrome-associated HGM CRC, also when the disease is refractory to all available treatment options.