Abstract
Exenatide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetic used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. There is increasing evidence that GLP-1 can influence glycemia not only via pancreatic (insulinotropic and glucagon suppression) and gastric-emptying effects, but also via an independent mechanism mediated by portal vein receptors. The aim of our study was to investigate whether exenatide has an islet- and gastric-independent glycemia-reducing effect, similar to GLP-1. First, we administered mixed meals, with or without exenatide (20 microg sc) to dogs. Second, to determine whether exenatide-induced reduction in glycemia is independent of slower gastric emptying, in the same animals we infused glucose intraportally (to simulate meal test glucose appearance) with exenatide, exenatide + the intraportal GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin-(9-39), or saline. Exenatide markedly decreased postprandial glucose: net 0- to 135-min area under the curve = +526 +/- 315 and -536 +/- 197 mg.dl(-1).min(-1) with saline and exenatide, respectively (P < 0.05). Importantly, the decrease in plasma glucose occurred without a corresponding increase in postprandial insulin but was accompanied by delayed gastric emptying and lower glucagon. Significantly lower glycemia was induced by intraportal glucose infusion with exenatide than with saline (92 +/- 1 vs. 97 +/- 1 mg/dl, P < 0.001) in the absence of hyperinsulinemia or glucagon suppression. The exenatide-induced lower glycemia was partly reversed by intraportal exendin-(9-39): 95 +/- 3 and 92 +/- 3 mg/dl with exenatide + antagonist and exenatide, respectively (P < 0.01). Our results suggest that, similar to GLP-1, exenatide lowers glycemia via a novel mechanism independent of islet hormones and slowing of gastric emptying. We hypothesize that receptors in the portal vein, via a neural mechanism, increase glucose clearance independent of islet hormones.