Abstract
Algal cultivations are strongly influenced by light and dark cycles. In this study, genome-scale metabolic models were applied to optimize nutrient supply during alternating light and dark cycles of Chlorella vulgaris. This approach lowered the glucose requirement by 75% and nitrate requirement by 23%, respectively, while maintaining high final biomass densities that were more than 80% of glucose-fed heterotrophic culture. Furthermore, by strictly controlling glucose feeding during the alternating cycles based on model-input, yields of biomass, lutein, and fatty acids per gram of glucose were more than threefold higher with cycling compared to heterotrophic cultivation. Next, the model was incorporated into open-loop and closed-loop control systems and compared with traditional fed-batch systems. Closed-loop systems which incorporated a feed-optimizing algorithm increased biomass yield on glucose more than twofold compared to standard fed-batch cultures for cycling cultures. Finally, the performance was compared to conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. Both simulation and experimental results exhibited superior performance for genome-scale model process control (GMPC) compared to traditional PID systems, reducing the overall measured value and setpoint error by 80% over 8 h. Overall, this approach provides researchers with the capability to enhance nutrient utilization and productivity of cell factories systematically by combining genome-scale models and controllers into an integrated platform with superior performance to conventional fed-batch and PID methodologies.