Conclusions
Leveraging the convenience and availability of urine samples, the non-invasive uADEV approach provides a novel tool that allows high-frequency sampling to investigate rapidly evolving CNS diseases.
Methods
To address this challenge, here we present a novel method for isolating astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles from urine (uADEVs), combining urine concentration, ultracentrifugation to isolate total EVs, and then glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) EV isolation using an anti-GLAST antibody.
Results
The identity of these GLAST+EVs as uADEVs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, western blotting, and assessment of astrocyte-related neurotrophins. Conclusions: Leveraging the convenience and availability of urine samples, the non-invasive uADEV approach provides a novel tool that allows high-frequency sampling to investigate rapidly evolving CNS diseases.