Background
Controlling cellular functions, including stem cell growth and differentiation, can be the key for the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previously identified as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) antagonist, betulinic acid (BA) may have the capability to control stem cell homeostasis, benefiting T2DM treatment. In this study, the effects of BA on osteogenesis and adipogenesis mechanisms of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were investigated.
Conclusions
Our results uncovered the mechanisms of how BA improved glucose and lipid metabolisms by decreasing white adipogenesis and increasing brown adipogenesis. Altogether, BA may be used for balancing glucose metabolisms without the potential side effects on bone loss or weight gain.
Results
We observed that BA increased hMSC osteogenesis by enhancing the alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and mRNA expressions of osteogenic markers, namely, runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. In addition, BA decreased hMSC adipogenesis with the decrease in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, reduced intracellular lipid accumulations, down-regulated CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha, and suppressed post-transcriptional adiponectin and leptin secretion. BA increased the brown adipocyte characteristics with the increase in the ratio of small lipid droplets and glucose uptake. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of brown adipocyte markers, namely, PPARγ coactivator one alpha, uncoupling protein 1, and interleukin-6 increased. Conclusions: Our results uncovered the mechanisms of how BA improved glucose and lipid metabolisms by decreasing white adipogenesis and increasing brown adipogenesis. Altogether, BA may be used for balancing glucose metabolisms without the potential side effects on bone loss or weight gain.