Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), is one of the most important insect pests of Brassica crops worldwide. In October 2016, outbreaks of an invasive P. xylostella population and unexpected control failures occurred on broccoli and cauliflower crops throughout all vegetable-growing regions in Arizona. Nineteen populations of Plutella xylostella were collected from 2016 to 2021 from various commercial cauliflower fields in Yuma and Scottsdale, Arizona, and from experimental broccoli plots at the University of Arizona, Yuma Agricultural Center (UAYAC), Yuma, Arizona. Populations collected from the commercial cauliflower fields had been transplanted with seedlings produced in a local Yuma nursery in 2016 and Salinas, CA in 2017 to 2018, whereas experimental broccoli plots were direct seeded. These populations were evaluated for their susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram, emamectin benzoate, and cyantraniliprole. In this study, field rate laboratory bioassays, serial dilution laboratory bioassays, and field efficacy spray experiments were performed. The field rate laboratory bioassay results showed that spinetoram, emamectin benzoate, and cyantraniliprole remained effective at controlling P. xylostella, but chlorantraniliprole did not control P. xylostella at the field rate. Additionally, serial dilution bioassays confirmed significant levels of cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole resistance in the P. xylostella populations collected from transplanted cauliflower fields. However, the results of the multiyear/growing-seasons study monitoring the susceptibility of P. xylostella populations collected from direct-seeded broccoli and field efficacy trials conducted at the UAYAC indicated that the resistance to diamide insecticides was neither uniform nor persistent following the 2016 outbreak. Nevertheless, the risk for P. xylostella resistance in Arizona vegetable-growing regions exists, particularly in Brassica transplants. Therefore, we recommend that Arizona Brassica growers remain vigilant and practice rigorous insecticide resistance management to offset the development of resistance.