Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to study the anti-inflammatory effect and possibly involved molecular mechanisms of matrine on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-exposed macrophages. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cultured human macrophages (THP-1 cell line) were exposed to ox-LDL at final concentrations of 0, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL. Several cells were then treated with matrine at serial diluted concentrations. 2,7-Dichlorodi-hydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining was used to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; a colorimetric method was used to determine the cellular antioxidant capacity; production of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)18 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and immunoblot assay was used to assess the relative protein phosphorylation and expression. RESULTS ox-LDL exposure significantly elevated intracellular ROS level and supernatant IL18 and TNFalpha concentrations, but impaired total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of macrophages. The relative phosphorylations of MAPK kinase kinases (MKK)6, MKK3, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) were increased by ox-LDL exposure. The expression levels of IL18 and TNFalpha were also increased in ox-LDL-treated macrophages. The matrine treatment reduced intracellular ROS level and supernatant IL18 and TNFalpha concentrations and increased TAC in a concentration- dependent manner. The relative phosphorylations of MKK6, MKK3, and p38 MAPK were reduced after matrine administration. Moreover, the expression levels of IL18 and TNFalpha were also decreased by matrine treatment, in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS ox-LDL increases inflammatory response in macrophages by activating the ROS-mediated MKKs/p38 MAPK-induced inflammatory signaling pathway. Matrine suppresses ox-LDL-induced inflammatory by inhibiting the MKKs/p38 MAPK signaling pathway.