Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D&sub3; [1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3;] has shown strong promise as an antiproliferative agent in several malignancies, yet its therapeutic use has been limited by its toxicity leading to search for analogues with antitumor property and low toxicity. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo properties of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D&sub3;-3-bromoacetate [1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3;-3-BE], an alkylating derivative of 1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3;, as a potential therapeutic agent for renal cancer. Dose response of 1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3;-3-BE in 2 kidney cancer cell lines was evaluated for its antiproliferative and apoptotic properties, and mechanisms were evaluated by Western blot and FACS analyses. Therapeutic potential of 1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3;-3-BE was assessed both by determining its stability in human serum and by evaluating its efficacy in a mouse xenograft model of human renal tumor. We observed that 1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3;-3-BE is significantly more potent than an equivalent concentration of 1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3; in inhibiting growth of A498 and Caki 1 human kidney cancer cells. 1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3;-3-BE-mediated growth inhibition was promoted through inhibition of cell-cycle progression by downregulating cyclin A and induction of apoptosis by stimulating caspase activity. Moreover, 1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3;-3-BE strongly inhibited Akt phosphorylation and phosphorylation of its downstream target, caspase-9. 1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3;-3-BE seemed to be stable in human serum. In xenograft mouse model of human renal tumor, 1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3;-3-BE was more potent at reducing tumor size than 1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3;, which was accompanied by an increase in apopotosis and reduction of cyclin A staining in the tumors. These results suggest a translational potential of this compound as a therapeutic agent in renal cell carcinoma. Data from this study and extensive studies of vitamin D for the prevention of many malignancies support the potential of 1,25(OH)&sub2;D&sub3;-3-BE for preventing renal cancer and the development of relevant in vivo prevention models for assessing this potential, which do not exist at present.