Abstract
Converging evidence from laboratory models pointed that the widely used antidiabetic drug metformin has direct effects on cancer cells. Thus far, relatively little attention has been addressed to the drug exposures used experimentally relative to those achievable clinically. Here, we demonstrated that metformin loaded on carbon nanotubes under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation led to the remarkably enhancement in response towards cancer cells. The dose of metformin has reduced to only 1/280 of typical doses in monotherapy (35: 10 000-30 000 µM) where the realization of metformin in conventional antidiabetic doses for cancer therapies becomes possible. The heat generated from carbon nanotubes upon NIR irradiation has mediated a strong and highly localized hyperthermia-like condition that facilitated the enhancement. Our work highlight the promise of using highly localized heating from carbon nanotubes to intensify the efficacy of metformin for potential cancer therapies.