Abstract
The discovery of allosteric modulators is an emerging paradigm in drug discovery, and signal transduction is a subtle and dynamic process that is challenging to characterize. We developed a time-correlated single photon-counting imaging approach to investigate the structural mechanisms for small-molecule activation of the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, a pharmacologically important pump that transports Ca2+ at the expense of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. We first tested whether the dissociation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase from its regulatory protein phospholamban is required for small-molecule activation. We found that CDN1163, a validated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activator, does not have significant effects on the stability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase-phospholamban complex. Time-correlated single photon-counting imaging experiments using the nonhydrolyzable ATP analog β,γ-Methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate (AMP-PCP) showed ATP is an allosteric modulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, increasing the fraction of catalytically competent structures at physiologically relevant Ca2+ concentrations. Unlike ATP, CDN1163 alone has no significant effects on the Ca2+-dependent shifts in the structural populations of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, and it does not increase the pump's affinity for Ca2+ ions. However, we found that CDN1163 enhances the ATP-mediated modulatory effects to increase the population of catalytically competent sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase structures. Importantly, this structural shift occurs within the physiological window of Ca2+ concentrations at which sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase operates. We demonstrated that ATP is both a substrate and modulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase and showed that CDN1163 and ATP act synergistically to populate sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase structures that are primed for phosphorylation. This study provides novel insights into the structural mechanisms for sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activation by its substrate and a synthetic allosteric modulator.