Abstract
RNA modifications influence RNA function and fate, but detecting them in individual molecules remains challenging for most modifications. Here we present a novel methodology to generate training sets and build modification-aware basecalling models. Using this approach, we develop the m6ABasecaller, a basecalling model that predicts m6A modifications from raw nanopore signals. We validate its accuracy in vitro and in vivo, revealing stable m6A modification stoichiometry across isoforms, m6A co-occurrence within RNA molecules, and m6A-dependent effects on poly(A) tails. Finally, we demonstrate that our method generalizes to other RNA and DNA modifications, paving the path towards future efforts detecting other modifications.