Abstract
Yokukansan (YKS), a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, affects neurological and psychiatric disorders. It ameliorates hippocampal neurogenesis in animals. However, its effect on neuronal cell differentiation remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of YKS on pluripotent P19 embryonic carcinoma cells as neuronal differentiation model cells. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry revealed that 10 μg/mL YKS treatment during embryoid body formation or neuronal differentiation increased the expression of the neuronal stem cell marker, Nestin, by 1.9-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively, and of the mature neuron marker, NeuN, by 1.5-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively. We examined the effect of YKS on intracellular signaling pathways in P19 cells and found significant elevation in phospho-PDK1 and phospho-mTOR expression (1.1-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively). Therefore, we investigated the effect of PDK1 and mTOR inhibitors on the level of neuronal lineage markers. We found that the mTOR inhibitor significantly abolished the YKS effect on the level of neuronal lineage markers. Moreover, to identify the target(s) of YKS, antibody array analysis that simultaneously detects 16 phosphorylated proteins was performed. YKS significantly upregulated 10 phosphorylated proteins including PDK1, Akt, AMPK, PRAS40, mTOR, p70 S6 kinase, GSK-3α, Bad and ERK1/2 under cell proliferation conditions. These results suggest that YKS simultaneously activates multiple signaling pathways. Thus, we concluded that YKS enhances the level of neuronal lineage markers in differentiated P19 cells, however it does not induce neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, mTOR is the predominant mediator of the YKS effect on these cells.