Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts consisting of potassium supported on zeolites are active for transesterification, but the effect of zeolite properties is not clearly understood. This work compares catalysts containing 12 wt.% potassium on zeolite sodium A and X (12K/NaA and 12K/NaX) in terms of performance and physicochemical properties. Both catalysts were prepared by ultrasound-assisted impregnation with potassium acetate buffer. 12K/NaA is a better catalyst in transesterification of palm oil, giving a higher biodiesel yield than 12K/NaX in the first run (99.1 ± 0.3 % and 77.9 ± 2.2 %, respectively). From characterization by CO2-TPD, XRD, FTIR, XPS, and SEM-EDS, both catalysts have similar basicity but different dispersion of carbonates and interaction on the zeolites. The 12K/NaA has those species on external surfaces and more monodentate carbonate than 12K/NaX. Ion exchange occurs between potassium ions from the precursor and sodium ions from the zeolite. Moreover, 12K/NaA is more stable, providing higher biodiesel yields in the second and third catalytic cycles.