Abstract
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae are difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics. Thus, alternative strategies to control the growth of MDR Klebsiella are warranted. We hypothesized that activation of innate effector systems could sensitize MDR K. pneumoniae to conventional antibiotics. Thus, human primary macrophages were stimulated with compounds known to activate innate immunity (vitamin D3, phenylbutyrate [PBA], and the aroylated phenylenediamine HO53) and then infected with MDR Klebsiella in the presence or absence of antibiotics. Antibiotics alone were ineffective against MDR Klebsiella in the cellular model, whereas vitamin D3, PBA, and HO53 reduced intracellular growth by up to 70%. The effect was further improved when the innate activators were combined with antibiotics. Vitamin D3- and PBA-induced bacterial killing was dependent on CAMP gene expression, whereas HO53 needed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as shown in cells where the CYBB gene was silenced and in cells from a patient with reduced ROS production due to a deletion in the CYBB gene and skewed lyonization. The combination of innate effector activation by vitamin D3, PBA, and HO53 was effective in sensitizing MDR Klebsiella to conventional antibiotics in a primary human macrophage model. This study provides new evidence for future treatment options for K. pneumoniae.