Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose stands as the primary cause of acute liver failure in the United States. APAP hepatotoxicity involves hepatic glutathione (GSH) depletion and mitochondrial damage. To counteract the toxicity of APAP, the nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2) activates the expression of genes responsible for drug detoxification and GSH synthesis. In this study, we present evidence that the elimination of hepatocyte small heterodimer partner, a critical transcriptional repressor for liver metabolism, results in Nrf2 activation and protects mice from APAP-induced acute liver injury. Initial investigations conducted on wildtype (WT) mice revealed a swift downregulation of Shp mRNA within the first 24 h after APAP administration. Subsequent treatment of hepatocyte-specific Shp knockout (ShpHep-/-) mice with 300 mg/kg APAP for 2 h exhibited comparable bioactivation of APAP with that observed in the WT controls. However, a significant reduction in liver injury was observed in ShpHep-/- after APAP treatment for 6 and 24 h. The decreased liver injury correlated with a faster recovery of GSH, attributable to heightened expression of Nrf2 target genes involved in APAP detoxification and GSH synthesis. Moreover, in vitro studies revealed that SHP protein interacted with NRF2 protein, inhibiting the transcription of Nrf2 target genes. These findings hold relevance for humans, as overexpression of SHP hindered APAP-induced NRF2 activation in primary human hepatocytes. In conclusion, our studies have unveiled a novel regulatory axis involving SHP and NRF2 in APAP-induced acute liver injury, emphasizing SHP as a promising therapeutic target in APAP overdose-induced hepatotoxicity.