Abstract
This study developed an in vitro system by co-culturing HK-2 cells with different concentration of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and/or macrophage cells to simulate the internal environment of urolithiasis as far as possible, investigating the regulatory effects of macrophage cells on HAP-induced expression of relative inflammatory factors of HK-2 cells. The control group (H group) was only comprised of HK-2 cells. Experimental groups included co-culturing HK-2 cells and macrophage cells (H + M group), co-culturing HK-2 cells and HAP (H + A group), co-culturing macrophage cells and HAP (M + A group), and co-culturing HK-2 cells and macrophage cells with HAP (H + M + A group). In the H + A, M + A, and H + M + A group, we set the concentration of HAP as 5 μg/cm2 (A1) and 10 μg/cm2 (A2). After co-culturing for 2, 4, and 6 h, we detected the expression of CCL-2 in the liquid by ELISA. We tested the expression of LDH and ROS to evaluate the damage of HK-2 cells. We assessed the apoptosis of HK-2 cells using DAPI staining assay, flow cytometry, and the rate of BAX/BCL-2. Western Blotting detected OPN, Fetuin-A, BAX, and BCL-2 of HK-2 cells. The expression of CCL-2 in the medium of H + A1 and H + A2 group increased significantly compared with the control (P < 0.05); CCL-2 of M + A1 and M + A2 group was higher than the H + A1 and H + A2 group (P < 0.05). The expression of CCL-2 in H + M + A1 and H + M + A2 group was also higher than M + A1 and M + A2 group (P < 0.05). Compared with control, the expression of OPN, LDH release, the ratio of BAX/BCL-2, and the generation of ROS in HK-2 cells increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Compared with the control, the expression of Fetuin-A decreased in various degrees at different incubation periods. Especially when co-culturing for 6 h, Fetuin-A decreased most seriously in the H + M + A1 group. (1) The HAP can induce the HK-2 cells oxidative stress and inflammatory damage and apoptosis, when adding the macrophages to co-culture, macrophage cells can aggravate the damage and apoptosis of the HK-2 cells. (2) After the stimulation of HAP, the expression of OPN in HK-2 cells increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner; macrophage cells can aggravate the increase of OPN in HK-2 cells. (3) In the HAP and HK-2 cells co-cultured system, the low-level Fetuin-A of HK-2 cells may be related to the excessive consumption of Fetuin-A in the process of HAP-induced renal tubular epithelial cell excessive oxidative stress, inflammatory injury, and cell apoptosis. When adding macrophage cells to co-culture, Fetuin-A decreased even more seriously, it reminds us that macrophage cells can slightly regulate the expression of Fetuin-A in the HK-2 cells.