Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential heavy metal in the human body, while excess Mn leads to neurotoxicity, as observed in this study, where 100 µM of Mn was administered to the human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell model of dopaminergic neurons in neurodegenerative diseases. We quantitated pathway and gene changes in homeostatic cell-based adaptations to Mn exposure. Utilizing the Gene Expression Omnibus, we accessed the GSE70845 dataset as a microarray of SH-SY5Y cells published by Gandhi et al. (2018) and applied statistical significance cutoffs at p < 0.05. We report 74 pathway and 10 gene changes with statistical significance. ReactomeGSA analyses demonstrated upregulation of histones (5 out of 10 induced genes) and histone deacetylases as a neuroprotective response to remodel/mitigate Mn-induced DNA/chromatin damage. Neurodegenerative-associated pathway changes occurred. NF-κB signaled protective responses via Sirtuin-1 to reduce neuroinflammation. Critically, Mn activated three pathways implicating deficits in purine metabolism. Therefore, we validated that urate, a purine and antioxidant, mitigated Mn-losses of viability in SH-SY5Y cells. We discuss Mn as a hypoxia mimetic and trans-activator of HIF-1α, the central trans-activator of vascular hypoxic mitochondrial dysfunction. Mn induced a 3-fold increase in mRNA levels for antioxidant metallothionein-III, which was induced 100-fold by hypoxia mimetics deferoxamine and zinc.