Abstract
The unique redox properties of nanoscale cerium dioxide determine its diverse application in biology and medicine as a regulator of oxidative metabolism. Lipid modifiers of the nanoparticle surface change their biochemical properties and bioavailability. Complexes with lipids can be formed upon contact of the nanoparticles with the membrane. The effects of lipid coating on nanoceria have not been studied yet. Here, we assessed the effect of bare and cardiolipin-coated CeO2 on the expression of oxidative metabolism genes in human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Cell viability, mitochondrial activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species, NOX4, NRF2, and NF-κB expression, oxidative DNA damage/repair, autophagy, and cell proliferation were studied. We used an MTT assay, fluorescence microscopy, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometry. At a concentration of 1.5 μM, bare and cardiolipin-coated nanoceria penetrated into cells within 1-3 h. Cell survival, mitochondrial activity, and the proliferative effect were similar for bare and cardiolipin-coated nanoceria. Intracellular ROS, activation of NOX4, NRF2, and NF-kB, DNA oxidative damage, and DNA break/repair were different. Cardiolipin-coated nanoceria induced intracellular oxidative stress and short-term activation of these genes and DNA damage/break/repair. Unlike bare nanoceria, cardiolipin-coated nanoceria induced autophagy. Thus, the effects of cardiolipin-coated nanoceria are determined by both the nanoceria itself and cardiolipin. Presumably, the differences in properties are due to lipid peroxidation of cardiolipin. This effect needs to be taken into account when developing nanoceria-based drugs targeting mitochondria.