Abstract
Yeasts cope with a wide range of environmental challenges using different adaptive mechanisms. They can prosper at extreme ambient pH and high temperatures; however, their adaptation mechanisms have not been entirely investigated. Previously, we showed the pivotal role and flexibility of the sugar and lipid composition of Yarrowia lipolytica W 29 upon adaptation to unfavorable conditions. In this study, we showed that extreme pH provoked significant changes in the cell wall proteins expression, with an increase in both the chaperones of heat shock protein HSP60 and some other proteins with chaperone functions. The mitochondria activity changes inducing the VDAC and malate dehydrogenase played an essential role in the adaptation, as did the altered carbohydrate metabolism, promoting its shift towards the pyruvate formation rather than gluconeogenesis. The elevated temperature led to changes in the cell wall proteins and chaperones, the induced expression of the proteins involved in the cell structural organization, ribosomal proteins, and the enzymes of formaldehyde degradation. Moreover, the readjustment of the protein composition and amount under combined stress indicated the promotion of catabolic processes related to scavenging the damaged proteins and lipids. Under all of the stress conditions studied, the process of folding, stress resistance, redox adaptation, and oxidative phosphorylation were the dominant pathways. The combined chronic alkaline and heat stress (pH 9.0, 38 °C) led to cross-adaptation, which caused "switching" over the traditional metabolism to the adaptation to the most damaging stress factor, namely the increased temperature.