Abstract
The understanding of cellular Cd2+ accumulation and toxicity is hampered by a lack of fluorescent indicators selective for intracellular free Cd2+ ([Cd2+]i). In this study, we used depolarized MIN6 mouse pancreatic beta cells as a model for evaluating [Cd2+]i detection with commercially available fluorescent probes, most of which have been traditionally used to visualize [Ca2+]i and [Zn2+]i. We trialed a panel of 12 probes including fura-2, FluoZin-3, Leadmium Green, Rhod-5N, indo-1, Fluo-5N, and others. We found that the [Zn2+]i probe FluoZin-3 and the traditional [Ca2+]i probe fura-2 responded most consistently and robustly to [Cd2+]i accumulation mediated by voltage-gated calcium channels. While selective detection of [Cd2+]i by fura-2 required the omission of Ca2+ from extracellular buffers, FluoZin-3 responded to [Cd2+]i similarly in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+. Furthermore, we showed that FluoZin-3 and fura-2 can be used together for simultaneous monitoring of [Ca2+]i and [Cd2+]i in the same cells. None of the other fluorophores tested were effective [Cd2+]i detectors in this model.