High proportions of FOXP3(+) CD25(high) T cells in neonates are positively associated with allergic sensitization later in childhood

The role of FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells in the prevention against sensitization and allergy development is controversial.

The proportions of FOXP3(+) CD25(high) , CTLA-4(+) CD25(+) , CD45RO(+) , HLA-DR(+) , CCR4(+) or α4β7(+) within the CD4(+) T cell population were examined by flow cytometry of blood samples at several time-points. Mononuclear cells were isolated from blood and stimulated with birch allergen, ovalbumin or the mitogen PHA, and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-13 were measured. A clinical evaluation regarding the presence of allergen-specific IgE and allergy was performed at 18 and 36 months of age.

We followed 65 newborn Swedish children from farming and non-farming families from birth to 3 years of age and investigated the relation between CD4(+) T cell subsets in blood samples and development of sensitization and allergic disease.

Multivariate discriminant analysis revealed that children who were sensitized at 18 or 36 months of age had higher proportions of FOXP3(+) CD25(high) T cells at birth and at 3 days of life than children who remained non-sensitized, whereas allergy was unrelated to the neonatal proportions of these cells. The proportions of CTLA-4(+) CD25(+) T cells were unrelated to both sensitization and allergy. The association between higher proportions of FOXP3(+) CD25(high) T cells and sensitization persisted after exclusion of farmer's children. Finally, a farming environment was associated with lower proportions of FOXP3(+) CD25(high) T cells in early infancy and to a more prominent T cell memory conversion and cytokine production.