Abstract
Drug efflux pumps play important roles in intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. Verapamil, an efflux inhibitor that enhances the activity of bedaquiline, clofazimine, and other drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been proposed as a potential adjunctive agent for treatment of tuberculosis (TB). However, the extent to which verapamil enhances in vivo efficacy by inhibiting bacterial efflux pumps versus inhibiting mammalian drug transporters to improve oral bioavailability has not been delineated. We found that verapamil potentiated the in vitro activity of bedaquiline and clofazimine against M. tuberculosis clinical isolates, including those harboring rv0678 mutations. Verapamil increased the efficacy of bedaquiline in a murine TB model by the same extent to which it increased systemic bedaquiline exposure. However, verapamil showed no effect on the oral bioavailability or efficacy of clofazimine in mice. The addition of verapamil increased the sterilizing activity of a regimen composed of bedaquiline, clofazimine, and pyrazinamide. These results confirm that verapamil has adjunctive activity in vivo, but they also demonstrate that the adjunctive effect is likely due to enhanced systemic exposure to companion drugs via effects on mammalian transporters, rather than inhibition of bacterial pumps. Therefore, there may be no advantage to administering verapamil versus increasing the doses of companion drugs.